Modals paper

Subject : Structure

Lecture : Drs.H.Wahyudin Naro M.Hum

Assignment: Group

“Modals”

Arranged by :

The First Group

Hardianti Lestari Hamsah

Hariyadinur

Haslindah

English Education Department

Tarbiyah and Teaching Science Faculty

Alauddin State Islamic University Of Makassar

Chapter I

A.Definition

Modal is type of auxiliary verb.The modal auxiliaries are can,could,may,might,should,had better,must,will,would.Modal auxiliaries generally express speaker’s attitudes.For example,modals can express that a speaker feels something is necessary,advisable,permissible,possible or probably,etc.Most of the modals have more than one meaning.

B.Kinds

The Kinds of modal

v Basic Modal :

Can,could,may,might,should,had better,must,will,shall, and would are followed by the simple form of a verb.

Word order : Modal + B I (Bare infinitive).

v Phrasal Modal:

Phrasal modals are common expressions whose meaning are similar to those of some of the modal auxiliaries.Example : Be able to is similar to can and could , be going to is similar to will and would, have to and have got to similar to must,be supposed to similar to could , be allowed to similar to may,and the last is used to.

Word order : Modal + an infinitive ( to + the simple form of a verb ).

Note :

v The main verb (specially for basic modal ) are not followed by “to”:

Correct : I can speak English .

Incorrect : I can to speak English.

v The main verb never has a final –s.

Correct : Ady can speak English.

Incorrect : Ady can speaks English.

Ady can doesn’t speak English.

Ady can did speak English.

v So: The main verb immediatetly by the simple form of verb.

Exception : Have,have got,ought and phrasal modal.

C.Function

1) can

Use	Examples
ability to do in the present or future (substitute form: to be able to)	I Can understand abaut English
permission to do in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)	Can I go to the cinema?
Request	Can you wait a moment, please?
Offer	I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
Suggestion	Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
Possibility	It can get very hot in Arizona.

2) could

Use	Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to)	I could understand abaut English.
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)	I could go to the cinema.
polite question *	Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request *	Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer *	I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
polite suggestion *	Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility *	It could get very hot in Montana.

3) may

Use	Examples
Possibility	It may rain today.
permission to do . in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)	May I go to the cinema?
polite suggestion	May I help you?

4) might

Use	Examples
possibility (less possible than may) *	It might rain today.
hesitant offer *	Might I help you?

5) must

Use	Examples
force, necessity	I must go to the supermarket today.
Possibility	You must be tired.
advice, recommendation	You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.

6) must not/may not

Use	Examples
Prohibition	You mustn't work on dad's computer. You may not work on dad's computer.

7) Had better

Use	Example
Advisability	You had better take care of it.

8) ought to

Use	Examples
Advice	You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
Obligation	You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.

9) shall

instead of will in the 1st person

Use	Examples
Suggestion	Shall I carry your bag?

10) should

Use	Examples
Advice	You should drive carefully in bad weather.
Obligation	You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

11) will

Use	Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would)	Will you please shut the door?
prediction,	I think it will rain on Friday.
Promise	I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision	Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
Habits	She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking.

12) would

Use	Examples
wish, request (more polite than will)	Would you shut the door, please?
habits in the past	Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

13).be suppose to

Use	Examples
Expectation	class is suppose to at 10.00
	.

14) Have to

Use	Examples
necessity	I have to go to class today

15) Have got to

Use	Examples
Necessity	I have got to go to class today
16) be going to Use Examples Certainty He is going to be here 06.00	.

References

Azar ,Betty Schrampfer. 1941-

Fundamental of English grammar/Betty Schrampfer Azar.-2^nd ed ^.

Azar ,Betty Schrampfer. 1998-

Understanding English Grammar/Betty Schrampfer Azar .-3 ^rded.

Arsyad,Azhar. 2011-

Dasar – dasar Penguasaan Bahasa Inggris Melalui Your Basic Vocabulary.

Oxford University Press.2008-

Learner’s Pocket Dictionary.-4^thed.

Anonymous.1994-

The Evolution of Grammar, Univ. of Chicago Press.(online) .http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.htm.Date acces on February 20,2012.

Test Modals I

1).Aurora has to go to the airport.She ... walk to the airport.It’s too far.

a) Is able to

b) Couldn’t

c) Can

d) Can not

2).Look at those dark clouds .It …….any minute.

a) Can start being rain

b) Could start raining

c) Could start being rain

d) Can start raining

3).You Must ….memorize tha all of word of your basic vocabulary.

a) Be going to

b) Be able to

c) Have got to

d) Supposed to

4).The gas tank is almost empty.We ….stop at the next service station.

a) Should

b) Ought to

c) Had better

d) Shall

5).You … be lazy,because time is very important for us

a) Ought not to

b) Shouldn’t

c) Had not better

d) Must not

6).If you want to become a doctor .You…..go to medical school for many years.

a) Had better

b) Should

c) Ought to

d) Must

7).Jack ……….to call me last night.i wonder why he didn’t.

a) Be supposed

b) Is supposed

c) Was supposed

d) Has supposed

8).I …….Open the window?.Is that okay with you?

a) May

b) Shall

c). Will

d). Can

9) I…… forget hin two years ago.

a) Have to

b) Must

c) Had to

d). Have got to

10) The soup is too hot.You….eat it yet.Wait for it to cool.

a) Cannot

b) Oughtn’t

c) Musn’t

d) May not

Test Modal II

1).You can not Buy a screwdriver at a hardware store yesterday.

2).The sky maybe cloudy.It will rain tomorrow

3).May you please lend that money for my lovely frend?

4).You had not better be late!.If you are late,you will get into a lot of trouble.

5).Tom isn’t going to be able help you tomorrow.

Good Luck

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The new policy is "terrible" is contained in a circular Kemendikbud Directorate General of Higher Education, addressed to all public and private universities in the country. This requirement will be effective even this year, which began after the August 2012 graduation.

Director General of Higher Education Kemendikbud, Djoko Santoso, in a letter expressing the reasons enactment of circular policies that:

"As we know at the present time, the number of scientific papers of Higher Education Indonesia in total is still low when compared to Malaysia, only about one-seventh. It is our common challenge to improve it. Relation to that as of August 2012 after diberlukan graduation requirements as the following:

For undergraduate programs must be produced papers published in scientific journals.

For the Masters program must have produced a paper published in accredited scientific journals of Higher Education.

For the Doctoral program must have produced a paper published in international journals. "

Education and Culture Minister Muhammad Nuh said it is now socialize the new policy. Noah insisted the new policy should be run. "The purpose of the policy was to foster an academic culture. S1 is a four-year college, you know. Cook could not write it? "Said Nuh in the Office of the Vice President, Jakarta, Tuesday, February 14, 2012.

Nuh emphasized the obligation of scientific publications as a condition of graduation S1 are necessary to trigger an increase in academic quality. "Just imagine if he wrote but not quality. He's a scholar, not high school graduates, "said Nuh.

For colleges that do not feel able to realize the policy, Noah asked them to submit requests for assistance to the ministry.

Do not force

Commission member in charge of the House education, Rohmani, assess new policies issued Kemendikbud it has a good purpose. But he stressed that the policy is not necessarily enforced.

Rohmani quality reminds one college to another is not the same. "If you want to get maximum results and optimal, while the lack of good quality education, how it plays out?" He questioned.

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UGM-sighted terms of scientific publications in 2012 not yet implemented this because a lot of special preparation to be done. "Think also if an article is published in scientific journals, and then how to take care of intellectual property rights," said Retno.

He warned the cost of raising the intellectual rights in Indonesia is very high. Not to mention the management is a long process and can not fast. "So who will have to pay for it? Will it be charged to all students? "Said Retno.

UGM also asked the government to consider the quantity of Indonesian students are very large. State universities in Indonesia now consists of the 80's, while private colleges even more - about 2,600.

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In the end, UGM reiterated his attitude: the government must provide the infrastructure to support the policy in advance of scientific publications. "If overseas may be ready, but not in Indonesia," Retno confirmed.

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