Subject : Structure
Lecture : Drs.H.Wahyudin Naro M.Hum
Assignment: Group
“Modals”
Arranged by :
The First Group
Hardianti Lestari Hamsah
Hariyadinur
Haslindah
English Education Department
Tarbiyah and Teaching Science Faculty
Alauddin State Islamic University Of Makassar
Chapter I
A.Definition
Modal is type of auxiliary verb.The modal auxiliaries are can,could,may,might,should,had better,must,will,would.Modal auxiliaries generally express speaker’s attitudes.For example,modals can express that a speaker feels something is necessary,advisable,permissible,possible or probably,etc.Most of the modals have more than one meaning.
B.Kinds
The Kinds of modal
v Basic Modal :
Can,could,may,might,should,had better,must,will,shall, and would are followed by the simple form of a verb.
Word order : Modal + B I (Bare infinitive).
v Phrasal Modal:
Phrasal modals are common expressions whose meaning are similar to those of some of the modal auxiliaries.Example : Be able to is similar to can and could , be going to is similar to will and would, have to and have got to similar to must,be supposed to similar to could , be allowed to similar to may,and the last is used to.
Word order : Modal + an infinitive ( to + the simple form of a verb ).
Note :
v The main verb (specially for basic modal ) are not followed by “to”:
Correct : I can speak English .
Incorrect : I can to speak English.
v The main verb never has a final –s.
Correct : Ady can speak English.
Incorrect : Ady can speaks English.
Ady can doesn’t speak English.
Ady can did speak English.
v So: The main verb immediatetly by the simple form of verb.
Exception : Have,have got,ought and phrasal modal.
C.Function
1) can
| Use | Examples |
| ability to do in the present or future (substitute form: to be able to) | I Can understand abaut English |
| permission to do in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) | Can I go to the cinema? |
| Request | Can you wait a moment, please? |
| Offer | I can lend you my car till tomorrow. |
| Suggestion | Can we visit Grandma at the weekend? |
| Possibility | It can get very hot in Arizona. |
2) could
| Use | Examples |
| ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to) | I could understand abaut English. |
| permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to) | I could go to the cinema. |
| polite question * | Could I go to the cinema, please? |
| polite request * | Could you wait a moment, please? |
| polite offer * | I could lend you my car till tomorrow. |
| polite suggestion * | Could we visit Grandma at the weekend? |
| possibility * | It could get very hot in Montana. |
3) may
| Use | Examples |
| Possibility | It may rain today. |
| permission to do . in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) | May I go to the cinema? |
| polite suggestion | May I help you? |
4) might
| Use | Examples |
| possibility (less possible than may) * | It might rain today. |
| hesitant offer * | Might I help you? |
5) must
| Use | Examples |
| force, necessity | I must go to the supermarket today. |
| Possibility | You must be tired. |
| advice, recommendation | You must see the new film with Brad Pitt. |
6) must not/may not
| Use | Examples |
| Prohibition | You mustn't work on dad's computer.
You may not work on dad's computer. |
7) Had better
| Use | Example |
| Advisability | You had better take care of it. |
8) ought to
| Use | Examples |
| Advice | You ought to drive carefully in bad weather. |
| Obligation | You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room. |
9) shall
instead of will in the 1st person
| Use | Examples |
| Suggestion | Shall I carry your bag? |
10) should
| Use | Examples |
| Advice | You should drive carefully in bad weather. |
| Obligation | You should switch off the light when you leave the room. |
11) will
| Use | Examples |
| wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would) | Will you please shut the door? |
| prediction, | I think it will rain on Friday. |
| Promise | I will stop smoking. |
| spontaneous decision | Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will. |
| Habits | She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking. |
12) would
| Use | Examples |
| wish, request (more polite than will) | Would you shut the door, please? |
| habits in the past | Sometimes he would bring me some flowers. |
13).be suppose to
| Use | Examples |
| Expectation | class is suppose to at 10.00 |
| . |
14) Have to
| Use | Examples |
| necessity | I have to go to class today |
| |
15) Have got to
| Use | Examples |
| Necessity | I have got to go to class today |
| 16) be going to | | | | Use | Examples | | Certainty | He is going to be here 06.00 | | | | | | . |
| |
References
Azar ,Betty Schrampfer. 1941-
Fundamental of English grammar/Betty Schrampfer Azar.-2nd ed .
Azar ,Betty Schrampfer. 1998-
Understanding English Grammar/Betty Schrampfer Azar .-3 rded.
Arsyad,Azhar. 2011-
Dasar – dasar Penguasaan Bahasa Inggris Melalui Your Basic Vocabulary.
Oxford University Press.2008-
Learner’s Pocket Dictionary.-4thed.
Anonymous.1994-
The Evolution of Grammar, Univ. of Chicago Press.(online) .http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.htm.Date acces on February 20,2012.
Test Modals I
1).Aurora has to go to the airport.She ... walk to the airport.It’s too far.
a) Is able to
b) Couldn’t
c) Can
d) Can not
2).Look at those dark clouds .It …….any minute.
a) Can start being rain
b) Could start raining
c) Could start being rain
d) Can start raining
3).You Must ….memorize tha all of word of your basic vocabulary.
a) Be going to
b) Be able to
c) Have got to
d) Supposed to
4).The gas tank is almost empty.We ….stop at the next service station.
a) Should
b) Ought to
c) Had better
d) Shall
5).You … be lazy,because time is very important for us
a) Ought not to
b) Shouldn’t
c) Had not better
d) Must not
6).If you want to become a doctor .You…..go to medical school for many years.
a) Had better
b) Should
c) Ought to
d) Must
7).Jack ……….to call me last night.i wonder why he didn’t.
a) Be supposed
b) Is supposed
c) Was supposed
d) Has supposed
8).I …….Open the window?.Is that okay with you?
a) May
b) Shall
c). Will
d). Can
9) I…… forget hin two years ago.
a) Have to
b) Must
c) Had to
d). Have got to
10) The soup is too hot.You….eat it yet.Wait for it to cool.
a) Cannot
b) Oughtn’t
c) Musn’t
d) May not
Test Modal II
1).You can not Buy a screwdriver at a hardware store yesterday.
2).The sky maybe cloudy.It will rain tomorrow
3).May you please lend that money for my lovely frend?
4).You had not better be late!.If you are late,you will get into a lot of trouble.
5).Tom isn’t going to be able help you tomorrow.
Good Luck
